Testicular cancer: Your questions answered
From understanding what testicular cancer entails, recognising its symptoms and exploring the causes, to identifying the risk factors, we aim to equip you with essential knowledge. We navigate the diagnostic procedures, discuss treatments, and guide you on how to conduct a self-check
What is testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer is any cancer that originates in the testicles, the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
There are various forms of testicular cancer, with the most frequent being germ cell tumours. This is by far the most common type of testicular cancer, accounting for about 95% of all cases. Germ cell tumours are further categorised into seminomas and non-seminomas, each with its distinctive characteristics.
Though rare, other forms like Leydig cell tumours and Sertoli cell tumours also exist. Their rarity doesn't lessen their importance, and being informed about them is certainly beneficial.
Early detection of testicular cancer significantly increases the chances of effective treatment and a positive outcome.
What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?
The onset of testicular cancer can be subtle, but with a vigilant eye, early detection is possible. Here are some of the symptoms associated with testicular cancer:
- Painless lump or swelling: A small, painless lump or an enlargement in either testicle is often the first sign of testicular cancer
- Dull ache: Experiencing a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin area might indicate an underlying issue
- Fluid accumulation: Sudden build-up of fluid in the scrotum is another common symptom
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions. However, if you experience any of them, scheduling a consultation with a healthcare provider is a wise and recommended step.
Early detection of testicular cancer significantly increases the chances of effective treatment and a positive outcome.
What are the causes of testicular cancer?
Identifying the root causes or reasons for the development of testicular cancer remains a topic of extensive research. However, certain known factors are associated with an increased risk:
Undescended testicles
Men with undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) are at a higher risk. In this condition, one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth.
Family history
A history of testicular cancer in your family, especially in close relatives like a father or brother, can elevate your risk.
Age
Though it can occur at any age, testicular cancer is more common among young and middle-aged men between the ages of 15 and 35.
Ethnicity
Research has shown that white men are more likely to develop testicular cancer than men of other races.
Despite the above factors, many men with testicular cancer do not have any known risk factors. It's essential, therefore, not to overlook the importance of regular self-exams and medical check-ups. Early detection plays a crucial role in successfully treating this condition, irrespective of the presence or absence of these risk factors.
How is testicular cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosing testicular cancer begins with an initial consultation, during which your healthcare provider will conduct a thorough physical examination and look into your medical history. Here are some common diagnosis methods:
Ultrasound
This imaging test helps in assessing the internal structure of the testicles, identifying abnormalities such as tumours.
Blood tests for tumour markers
Certain substances, known as tumour markers, may become elevated in the case of testicular cancer. Blood tests measuring levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can provide valuable insights.
Biopsy and pathological examination
In some cases, a tissue sample may be collected for a detailed microscopic examination to ascertain the type and extent of cancer.
Your healthcare provider will guide you through the process, ensuring you are well-informed and comfortable every step of the way. At Circle Health Group we take a highly individualised approach to treatment that guarantees personalised care, leading to an accurate diagnosis and an effective treatment plan.
What treatments are available for testicular cancer?
The silver lining with testicular cancer is its high treatability rate, especially when diagnosed in the early stages. Various treatments are available, and the right approach depends on your unique circumstances. Here are the primary treatment options:
Surgery
Two common types of testicular cancer surgery are:
- Orchiectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the affected testicle(s), serving as both a diagnostic and therapeutic measure
- Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND): Removal of lymph nodes in the abdomen to prevent the spread of cancer
Chemotherapy
Utilising drug therapy to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy is often employed to treat testicular cancer, especially if it has spread to other parts of the body.
Radiotherapy
Employing ionising radiation to kill cancer cells and halt their growth. It’s usually more effective against seminomas, a specific type of testicular cancer.
Stem cell transplant
Replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells can also be an option in some severe cases.
A frank discussion with a healthcare provider is vital when creating a treatment plan tailored to your situation, considering the type and stage of cancer, your overall health, and your personal preferences.
The importance of regular check-ups and self-exams cannot be overstressed... If you notice any abnormalities or experience discomfort, schedule a consultation with a healthcare provider.
How can I check myself for testicular cancer?
Early detection hugely contributes to the treatability of testicular cancer. Here are some simple steps to conduct a self-examination:
- Take a warm bath or shower: Warm water relaxes the scrotal skin, making it easier to feel any abnormalities
- Examine each testicle separately: Hold one testicle at a time between your thumbs and fingers, gently rolling it around to feel for lumps, swelling, or pain
- Identify the epididymis: Familiarise yourself with the epididymis, the soft, tube-like structure behind the testicle, to avoid mistaking it for an abnormal lump
The importance of regular check-ups and self-exams cannot be overstressed. The better you known your own testicles, the easier it is for you to recognise changes. If you notice any abnormalities or experience discomfort, schedule a consultation with a healthcare provider promptly.
How does testicular cancer affect fertility?
Testicular cancer itself, as well as the treatments required to treat it, can potentially have a significant impact on a man's fertility. It's a concern that many men understandably have upon diagnosis. Here are some factors to consider.
Pre-treatment fertility
Some men may already have compromised fertility before treatment because of the cancer itself. It's advisable to have a fertility evaluation done before commencing treatment.
Sperm banking
Before undergoing treatment, consider sperm banking as a proactive step to preserve fertility. It's a simple procedure that could provide peace of mind for future family planning.
Post-treatment fertility
After treatment, fertility may be affected temporarily or permanently. The extent of the impact largely depends on the type and of treatment received.
Fertility restoration
There are medical interventions and technologies available to help restore fertility or assist with family planning post-treatment.
It’s essential to have an open discussion with your healthcare provider about fertility concerns, both before and after treatment, to fully understand the implications and the options available to you.
What support is available for testicular cancer?
Facing testicular cancer can be a daunting experience, but you don't have to go through it alone. Numerous support resources are available.
- Support groups: Connecting with others who have been through similar experiences can provide valuable insights and emotional support
- Professional counselling: Addressing the emotional and psychological impacts of testicular cancer is crucial. Professional counselling can provide coping strategies and a safe space to discuss concerns
- Educational resources: Arm yourself with knowledge by exploring reputable sources of information about testicular cancer, treatments, and living with the disease
- Online communities: Numerous online forums and communities provide a platform for sharing experiences and learning from others who have faced testicular cancer
By leveraging these resources, you can better manage the challenges posed by testicular cancer and significantly enhance your quality of life during and after treatment.
Get yourself checked for testicular cancer
Early detection is the linchpin for effectively treating testicular cancer, underscoring the importance of awareness and regular examinations. We at Circle Health Group stand by our commitment to providing top-quality care and expert advice to individuals facing health uncertainties, including testicular cancer.
Whether you seek more information on testicular cancer or have other health concerns, our experts are here to guide you through every step. Book an appointment online today or give us a call directly and we’ll help you find the right specialist for you.
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How do I book an appointment?
If you're concerned about symptoms you're experiencing or require further information on this subject, talk to a GP or see an expert consultant at your local Circle Hospital.